Robin Bender Ginn and Omkhar Arasaratnam | 15 April 2024
The recent attempted XZ Utils backdoor (CVE-2024-3094) may not be an isolated incident as evidenced by a similar credible takeover attempt intercepted by the OpenJS Foundation, home to JavaScript projects used by billions of websites worldwide. The Open Source Security (OpenSSF) and OpenJS Foundations are calling all open source maintainers to be alert for social engineering takeover attempts, to recognize the early threat patterns emerging, and to take steps to protect their open source projects.
Failed Credible Takeover Attempt
The OpenJS Foundation Cross Project Council received a suspicious series of emails with similar messages, bearing different names and overlapping GitHub-associated emails. These emails implored OpenJS to take action to update one of its popular JavaScript projects to “address any critical vulnerabilities,” yet cited no specifics. The email author(s) wanted OpenJS to designate them as a new maintainer of the project despite having little prior involvement. This approach bears strong resemblance to the manner in which “Jia Tan” positioned themselves in the XZ/liblzma backdoor.
None of these individuals have been given privileged access to the OpenJS-hosted project. The project has security policies in place, including those outlined by the Foundation’s security working group.
The OpenJS team also recognized a similar suspicious pattern in two other popular JavaScript projects not hosted by its Foundation, and immediately flagged the potential security concerns to respective OpenJS leaders, and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) within the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
Open source projects always welcome contributions from anyone, anywhere, yet granting someone administrative access to the source code as a maintainer requires a higher level of earned trust, and it is not given away as a “quick fix” to any problem.
Together with the Linux Foundation, we want to raise awareness of this ongoing threat to all open source maintainers, and offer practical guidance and resources from our broad community of experts in security and open source.
Suspicious patterns in social engineering takeovers
- Friendly yet aggressive and persistent pursuit of maintainer or their hosted entity (foundation or company) by relatively unknown members of the community.
- Request to be elevated to maintainer status by new or unknown persons.
- Endorsement coming from other unknown members of the community who may also be using false identities, also known as “sock puppets.”
- PRs containing blobs as artifacts.
- For example, the XZ backdoor was a cleverly crafted file as part of the test suite that wasn't human readable, as opposed to source code.
- Intentionally obfuscated or difficult to understand source code.
- Gradually escalating security issues.
- For example, the XZ issue started off with a relatively innocuous replacement of safe_fprintf() with fprintf() to see who would notice.
- Deviation from typical project compile, build, and deployment practices that could allow the insertion of external malicious payloads into blobs, zips, or other binary artifacts.
- A false sense of urgency, especially if the implied urgency forces a maintainer to reduce the thoroughness of a review or bypass a control.
These social engineering attacks are exploiting the sense of duty that maintainers have with their project and community in order to manipulate them. Pay attention to how interactions make you feel. Interactions that create self-doubt, feelings of inadequacy, of not doing enough for the project, etc. might be part of a social engineering attack.
Social engineering attacks like the ones we have witnessed with XZ/liblzma were successfully averted by the OpenJS community. These types of attacks are difficult to detect or protect against programmatically as they prey on a violation of trust through social engineering. In the short term, clearly and transparently sharing suspicious activity like those we mentioned above will help other communities stay vigilant. Ensuring our maintainers are well supported is the primary deterrent we have against these social engineering attacks.
Steps to help secure your open source project
In addition to these recommendations, there are a number of security best practices that can improve the security properties of our projects. While these recommendations will not thwart a persistent social engineering attack, they may help improve your overall security posture of your project.
- Consider following industry-standard security best practices such as OpenSSF Guides.
- Use strong authentication.
- Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) or Multifactor Authentication (MFA).
- Use a secure password manager.
- Preserve your recovery codes in a safe, preferably offline place.
- Do not reuse credentials/passwords across different services.
- Have a security policy including a "coordinated disclosure" process for reports.
- Use best practices for merging new code.
- Enable branch protections and signed commits.
- If possible, have a second developer conduct code reviews before merging, even when the PR comes from a maintainer.
- Enforce readability requirements to ensure new PRs are not obfuscated, and use of opaque binaries is minimized.
- Limit who has npm publish rights.
- Know your committers and maintainers, and do a periodic review. Have you seen them in your working group meetings or met them at events, for example?
- If you run an open source package repository, consider adopting Principles for Package Repository Security.
- Review “Avoiding social engineering and phishing attacks” from CISA and/or “What is ‘Social Engineering’” from ENISA.
Steps for industry and government to help secure critical open source infrastructure
The pressure to sustain a stable and secure open source project creates pressure on maintainers. For example, many projects in the JavaScript ecosystem are maintained by small teams or single developers who are overwhelmed by commercial companies who depend on these community-led projects yet contribute very little back.
To solve a problem of this scale, we need vast resources and public/private international coordination. There is already great work underway by the following organizations:
Open source foundations: The Linux Foundation family of foundations and other similar organizations like ours can help provide a safety net for open source projects. Maintainers often lack the time, people and expertise in areas such as security. Neutral foundations help support the business, marketing, legal and operations behind hundreds of open source projects that so many rely upon. Our goal is to remove any friction outside of coding to support our maintainers and help their projects grow. As vendor-neutral nonprofits, we are uniquely positioned to offer expertise garnered from multiple stakeholders represented in our organizations.
On security, our open source foundations have found that an effective best approach is to provide technical assistance and direct support to open source projects.
Alpha-Omega is an associated project of the OpenSSF, funded by Microsoft, Google, and Amazon, funds critical projects and ecosystems. The project aims to build a world where critical open source projects are secure and where security vulnerabilities are found and fixed quickly. The OpenJS Foundation has experienced how funding developers for security has had a proven impact through Alpha-Omega investments in Node.js and jQuery.
Sovereign Tech Fund: The Sovereign Tech Fund, financed by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, is providing the OpenJS Foundation and more open source organizations significant funding to strengthen infrastructure and security.
They have built a model with detailed reporting and accountability of resources, yet at the same time, have technical expertise on staff to customize security proposals for the variety of open source projects they fund.
It’s encouraging to see the German government taking this initiative to improve the lives of citizens by investing in critical open source infrastructure through the Sovereign Tech Fund.
We are advocating for more global public investment in initiatives like Sovereign Tech Fund to invest in open source global that society depends on, complimentary to the private funding. We recommend that public institutions learn from, adapt and coordinate with Germany’s Sovereign Tech Fund to support our interconnected open source projects and shared digital economies.
About OpenJS Foundation
The OpenJS Foundation is committed to supporting the healthy growth of the JavaScript ecosystem and web technologies by providing a neutral organization to host and sustain projects, as well as collaboratively fund activities for the benefit of the community at large. The OpenJS Foundation is made up of 35 open source JavaScript projects including Appium, Electron, Jest, jQuery, Node.js, and webpack and is supported by corporate and end-user members, including GoDaddy, Google, HeroDevs, IBM, Joyent, Microsoft, and the Sovereign Tech Fund. These members recognize the interconnected nature of the JavaScript ecosystem and the importance of providing a central home for projects which represent significant shared value.
About the OpenSSF
The Open Source Security Foundation (OpenSSF) is a cross-industry initiative by the Linux Foundation that brings together the industry’s most important open source security initiatives and the individuals and companies that support them. The OpenSSF is committed to collaboration and working both upstream and with existing communities to advance open source security for all. For more information, please visit us at openssf.org.
About the Authors
Robin Bender Ginn
Robin Bender Ginn is the Executive Director of the OpenJS Foundation, the neutral home to drive broad adoption and ongoing development of key JavaScript and web technologies. She also serves on the leadership team at the Linux Foundation. Robin has led major initiatives advancing open source technologies, community development, and open standards. Previously, Robin spent more than 10 years at Microsoft where she was at the forefront of the company’s shift to openness.
Omkhar Arasaratnam 
Omkhar Arasaratnam is the General Manager of the Open Source Security Foundation (OpenSSF). He is a veteran cybersecurity and technical risk management executive with more than 25 years of experience leading global organizations. Omkhar began his career as a strong supporter of open source software as a PPC64 maintainer for Gentoo and contributor to the Linux kernel, and that enthusiasm for OSS continues today. Before joining the OpenSSF, he led security and engineering organizations at financial and technology institutions, such as Google, JPMorgan Chase, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, TD Bank Group, and IBM. As a seasoned technology leader, he has revolutionized the effectiveness of secure software engineering, compliance, and cybersecurity controls. He is also an accomplished author and has led contributions to many international standards. Omkhar is also a NYU Cyber Fellow Advisory Council member and a Senior Fellow with the NYU Center for Cybersecurity where he guest lectures Applied Cryptography.